Should Animal s Organ Be Used For Human Transplantation

Should animal’s organ be used for human transplantation? Xenotransplantation: a subject about which people hold strong contrasting views. Rare attempts have been made to transplant animal organs or tissues into human beings since the early years of this century. Curiosity surrounding the procedure known as Xenotransplantation has increased in the last few years because it is seen as one way of reducing the shortage of human organs for transplantation. Currently, this shortage strictly edges the potential of transplantation for treating human diseases. The worldwide requirement for organs is growing significantly. For example, in 2004, the United Network of organ sharing found that over 100,000 patients could have had an advantage from organ transplant, but only 29,000 were available. In 1963 Doctor Keith Reemtsma a surgeon who experimented with organ transplants. Thirteen chimpanzee’s kidneys were transferred into humans. Twelve patients survived for 60 days. One patient survived for nine months, so this option was considered a v iable one. In the USA approximately 3,000 people are currently on the waiting list for heart transplant, but only 2,000 donors’ hearts become available each year. In the meantime, heart patients awaiting a transplant must depend on mechanical procedures, which can raise the risk of infection, blood clots and bleeding in the patient. Doctor Muhammed M.Mohiuddin a cardiothoracic surgery specialist therefore explains the rationality behindShow MoreRelatedNo Secret That The Organ Transplantation917 Words   |  4 Pageshave to be put on a donor list to get a replacement of a diagnosed organ that must be replaced to live. It is no secret that the organ transplantation list has a significant amount of people and every day a handful of them die. A average of twenty one people die everyday, according to the American Transplant Foundation. Many scientist and medically certified personals have been trying to come up with alternative genetic modified organs to give to needed patients, instead of w aiting for a donor to comeRead More The Ethics of Xenotransplantation Essay examples1615 Words   |  7 Pages parts of organs, or even whole organs from one species of animal, and implanting them into another species. The FDA has given their own definition of xenotransplantation which they say is â€Å"any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human recipient of either live cells, tissues, or organs from a non human animal source, or human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live non human animal cells, tissues or organs.† The mainRead MoreThe Use Of Immunotherapy And Genetic Engineering1198 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan transplants save thousands of lives each year and are one of the most significant medical innovations of the past century. Despite that, each year, the number of patients on the waiting list continues to grow, while the number of donors and transplants remains stagnant. One solution scientists are investigating to solve this problem is xenotransplantation, a procedure which involves the â€Å"transplantation, implantation, or infusion of live cells, tissues, or organs from a non-primate source intoRead MoreThe Human Of Bone Marrow Transplantation1632 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It should be noted that marrow grafting could not have reached clinical application without animal research, first in inbred rodents and then in outbred species† E. Donnall Thomas, The Nobel Prizes, 1990 Animal research, as mentioned by Dr. E. Donnall Thomas in 1990 during his Nobel Prize award, has been crucial for the understanding of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) as a clinical therapy 138. His studies extensively used both mice and dogs as animal models. Other important models used inRead MoreBioprinting Human Organs: The Past, Present, And Future.1488 Words   |  6 Pages Bioprinting Human Organs: The Past, Present, and Future Written by: Emmitt Mikkelson, Alexander Turnbull and John Wesley Table of Contents: I. Introduction II. History of Organ Transplants III. Development of Bioprinting IV. Current Bioprinting Processes V. Bioprinting Human Organs for Transplantation VI. Insurance Coverage for Organ Transplants VII. Ethical Considerations and Alternative Ideas VIII. The Future of Bioprinting IX. Conclusion Read MoreEssay Xenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants1398 Words   |  6 PagesXenotransplants - Animal to Human Organ Transplants We should NOT risk the human race for the benefit of the few! When asked how he feels about the advancement of science to places that were once notions to be the job of the creator, Dr. Martin Luther King replies by saying, â€Å"Cowardice asks is it safe? Expedience asks is it political? Vanity asks is it popular? But the conscience asks is it right?† This essay is about animal to human organ transplants otherwise known as XenotransplantsRead MoreEssay on Organ Donation1638 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent process of procuring organs for transplantation. It will also explore technology on the horizon and alternates to donation. The waiting list for transplant surgery far exceeds the current supply. Black Market organ trade in this, as well in foreign countries is alive and well. Donation is not able to keep up with demand. We have to take measures to ensure those in the most need are taken care of. We already allow people to sell eggs, sperm and blood why not other organs? I will attempt to showRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Of Xenotransplantation And The Catholic Churches Essay1765 Words   |  8 Pagesit. Xenotransplantation is a procedure involving the transplantation of live cells, organs and tissues from nonhumans into humans. It provides an alternative way to treat serious and fatal diseases such as Alzheimer s, diabetes and Parkinson s disease. It also poses as a solution for the ongoing problem of organ shortage. Generally, Xenotransplantation is a reoccurring ethical issue as this specific procedure utilises organs from animals, such as pigs and nonhuman primates. Individuals who goRead MoreOrgan Donation And The Ethical Implications1441 Words   |  6 Pagesof becoming an organ donor can save lives and improve the quality of life of the recipient. When an individual is in need of an organ transplant, it is typically known that they are in need of an organ that facilitates a restoration of physiological functioning and will often mean the difference between life and death. A vast majority of individuals are apprehensive about what happens to their bodies after their death. In this paper we will go through the origins and history of organ donation, theRead MoreShould Xenotransplantation Be Allowed? Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Xenotransplantation (Animal to Human Transplants) Research Question: Should Xenotransplantation be allowed? (Animal parts transferred into Humans) Introduction: Scientists have developed a way for a pig heart to be transplanted into a baboon, which has been living for more than a year. This breakthrough means that sometime soon, we may be able to use pig hearts for human bodies, when we don’t have any human parts to spare. For this investigation, I am going to find out how Xenotransplantation

Christ Has No Body - 1085 Words

I was excited to receive your letter and I am equally thrilled to respond to your request. For thousands of years mankind has conflicted against the power of evil in order to reach a state of harmony with God. The many different views of each religion seem to have compounded the issue of who may be right and who may be wrong. Regardless of our personal beliefs, our goal seems to always remain the same, to be united with Christ in heaven. The poems of St. Teresa of Avila, My Beloved One is Mine and Christ Has No Body, are illustrative of the thoughtful and emotional impact Christ had on the life of St. Teresa of Avila, and also illuminate various catholic beliefs. The goal of the poems is to allow the reader to become closer to God,†¦show more content†¦St. Teresa, during her intense prayers to God, felt such a strong connection to Him that it seems she literally felt His presence next to her. My friend, as you know, for many years we walked and prayed together in Rome. Although we are now far apart, I still have much respect for you and your beliefs. I feel I must make you aware of how I, now a member of the Lutheran faith, view these poems. Like St. Teresa of Avila, I too believe in the power of profound and emotional prayer. I, however, believe that although my faith is deeply rooted in my daily communication with God, my deeds, or acts of good work, do not necessarily carry the same weight. I believe that I am â€Å"made righteous by grace through faith alone apart from works† (Kinnaman np). My belief and fidelity toward Him are all that I deem necessary to find a deep and meaningful relationship with God. Furthermore, the catholic belief of transubstantiation during the Holy Eucharist is an aspect of the sacrament that has become foreign to me. As a Lutheran, I hold the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist close to my heart, which is why I must hold on to my belief of the sacramental union, the conviction that the bread and wine do no t change into the body and blood of Christ, butShow MoreRelatedThe Foundation of Understanding Human Anatomy During Renaissance Period990 Words   |  4 Pagesrebirth because â€Å"it [is] believed that the human spirit [has] to be reawakened as it [is] in the classical (Greco-Roman) times† (). During this time, the new conception of human emerges as individualism which means a man can create his own destiny, and humanism in which â€Å"humans are the center of the universe† (). With their free will and the motion in seeking personal fame, artists engage themselves in learning the structure of human body to make their works more lifelike. With such knowledge, theyRead MorePauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 PagesCorinthians 12:12-13; Galatians 3:26-28, Romans 16:25-27. Church is also commonly known as the Temple of God. In Ephesians 2:21-22 refers that in Christ is made a new man that brings in Gentiles to be grafted in and be fellow heirs with the Body of C hrist. In Christ all differences such as color, ethnicity, sex or status becomes molded into on under Christ. Simply put, it erased the line of Jew and Gentiles. Paul in the Bible mostly uses the word â€Å"ekklesia† in Greek to describe the church. EkklesiaRead MoreWhy Are Christians Divided Within Church?1086 Words   |  5 Pageswhy are Christians divided in church? Are we not one family and one body in God? 1 Cor. 1: 12-13 says, Now I mean this, that each of you says, I am of Paul, and I of Apollos, and I of Cephas, and I of Christ. Is Christ divided? Was Paul crucified for you? Or were you baptized into the name of Paul? We are all baptized in the name of Jesus Christ, we are one family and one body. Different opinions are due to a shortage of Christ. We all have our own preferences and understanding in so many mattersRead MoreThe Church Community1151 Words   |  5 Pages The church has a variety of members which forms the body of Jesus Christ. There are the physical body parts, such as the hands, feet, eyes, ears. Also, the body parts on the inside of the body, which are the heart, lungs, skeleton, veins, and blood. Each of these parts function on its own, but united to serve the church community. Dietrich Bonhoeffer says, â€Å"They all have an identity of their own only as members of the body, as a community that serves in unity. The unity of the church communityRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Lord s Supper1597 Words   |  7 Pagesis important to consider what scripture has to say about an issue before examining any other arguments or views. Jesus tells his disciples in the accounts of Matthew and Mark that his blood â€Å"is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins† (Matt 26:28 NIV) and in Luke he commands them to partake of the elements in remembrance of him and tells them that his blood is a new covenant (Lk 22:19-20 NIV). Finally , Jesus says in John that whoever eats his body and drinks of his blood will have eternalRead MoreBaptism And The Lord s Supper Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to David Scaer, Thomas Baima comprehensively understands the presence of Christ in the Lord’s Supper within the trinitarian context that includes the three divine persons: The Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The trinitarian communion is first communicated with the thought that Jesus is equally divine and man and then in all the sacraments. Therefore, Lutherans can declare that god and humanity are united sacraments. According to Thomas Baima, whose proposition David Scaer exploresRead MoreGod s Foolishness Is Better Than Human Wisdom1674 Words   |  7 PagesGod chose what is weak in the world to shame the strong; God chose what is low and despised in the world, things that are not, to reduce to nothing things that are, so that no one might boast in the presence of God. He is the source of your life in Christ Jesus, who became for us wisdom from God, and righteousness and sanctification and redemption, in order that, as it is written, â€Å"Let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord.† 1 Corinthians 1:25-31 Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men;Read MoreJesus Christ and the Holy Spirit797 Words   |  3 PagesGod, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit constitute the whole context of Catholic religion. We may have a pretty good point on who Jesus Christ was, we may ponder on who God is, but we must also balance the work of the Holy Spirit within the Catholic church and its followers. Often we think of Jesus Christ as related to the Father, but I think his life was highly influenced and his actions were all the more possible through the help of the Holy Spirit. Christs actual birth is marked by the interventionRead MoreThe Divine And Human Nature Of Jesus Christ Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesChalcedonian or the Orthodox Christ is defined as one divine person, two natures, two wills human and divine. Although this view was defended by Cyril of Alexandria and expressed as the true definition of the divinity and human nature of Christ he was confronted with refutations by three anci ent Christological heresies. These heresies included Apollinarianism, Eutychianism and Nestorianism. Each one of these heresies explained the divine and human nature of Jesus Christ differently which caused a riftRead MoreWhere We Have Been. In The Series 20/20 We Have Been Working1461 Words   |  6 Pageshow God has created us for work, how we should be honoring God in our work, and finally that all of our work should honor God. Two weeks ago we learnt about the reality of all Christians being a part of the body of Christ, and that that isn t an option or something we can pick and choose about. What is the body of Christ? The body of Christ is the community of believers who have a common faith and identity in Christ Jesus. The capacity to which each of us is able to be involved in the body of Christ

Pregnancy And Infection Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Pregnancy And Infection. Answer: Pregnancy and infection The above research article describes about the complexity of the immune response occurring at the times of pregnancy of a woman. The immune response by the placenta for specific pathogens affects the vulnerability of the woman to infectious diseases (Mor Cardenas, 2010). It is necessary to assess the interaction of the pathogenic microbes with the placenta and its responses to make an appropriate prophylaxis therapy. Researches regarding this issue have been done by many scientists. This topic has been researched by Gil Mor, Ingrid Cardenas, Vikki Abrahams, and Seth Guller, who had been researching in the department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive sciences. They have focused on the exigent question whether the maternal immunity acts as a friend or enemy during pregnancy. They have tried to establish a new paradigm for the fetal -maternal immune reaction during pregnancy and also the immunological response of the mother to various pathogens. According to the author, their main challenge is to throw light upon the immunological complications of pregnancy for delivering the appropriate treatment to the patients with pregnancy (Mor et al., 2011). During pregnancy the human desidua consists of large number immune cells such as the macrophages, the regulatory T cells and the natural killer cells. At the time of the first trimester the dendritic cells, the NK cells and macrophages infiltrates the desidua and aggregates around the trophoblast cells that are i nvading. reduction of the immune cells terminates the pregnancy (Pazos et al., 2012). Thus the deletion of the macrophages poses a detrimental effect on the placental development. This paper describes the allograft paradigm previously described in the newspaper article. According to the assumption of Sir Peter Medawar, Placenta is actually an allograft that expresses proteins derived from paternal genes and hence should be rejected under normal immunologic conditions but with the increasing knowledge about placental biology, it can be appreciated that placenta is more like a transplanted organ (Robbins Bakardjiev, 2012). The trophoblast and the maternal immunity have evolved in a cooperative way to help out each other for the success of the pregnancy. According to the Racicot ey al., (2014), there are certain immunological phases of pregnancy. The stages of pregnancy are featured by inimitable inflammatory environments. The first and the third trimester are pro-inflammatory and sec ond trimester an anti-inflammatory. During the first stage the blastocysts have to invade the uterus epithelial lining for the implantation, break the endometrial tissue, which is again followed by the substitution of the trophoblast of the endothelium and the vascular smooth muscles of the blood vessels of the mother for an adequate fetal blood supply. The second immunological phase consists of a rapid fetal growth. In the last immunological phase there is an influx of the immune cells. The pro-inflammatory environment causes uterus contraction, expulsion of the baby and placenta rejection. This turmoil of inflammatory response affects the host microbe interaction and caters to different types of infections in would be mothers (Mor et al., 2011). An article related to this topic is pregnancy and infection by Athena P. Kourtis, M.D., Ph.D., Jennifer S. Read, M.D., M.P.H., and Densie J.Jamieson, M.D., M.P.H. The paper had been published from the Division of the reproductive health and promotion, Centers of the disease control and prevention, Atlanta and the Department of the epidemiology and Biostatistics. Kourtis et al.., 2014, have stated that in comparison to the non pregnant women, pregnant woman are more susceptible to infections by viruses like influenza, hepatitis E and Herpes Simplex virus. Pregnancy is featured by its tolerance towards the placenta and the fetus, which allows the growth of the foreign tissue without rejection (Kourtis et al., 2014). The increased level of Estrogen and the progesterone may suppress the humoral immunity by suppressing the production of the B cell in the bone marrow. The ineffective immune response towards viral infections lies in the level of the cellular immunity (Kourtis et al., 2014). The improper immune response to the viral antigens during the gestation period occurs due to the shift in the T-helper cells from the Th-1 and the Th- 2 cytokine (Silasi et al., 2014). The main aim of both the papers is to understand the immunological steps of pregnancy and the host microbe interaction in order to make suitable preventive medications and prophylaxis for preventing infections and pregnancy loss. References Kourtis, A. P., Read, J. S., Jamieson, D. J. (2014). Pregnancy and infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(23), 2211-2218. Mor, G., Cardenas, I. (2010). The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity.American journal of reproductive immunology,63(6), 425-433. Mor, G., Cardenas, I., Abrahams, V., Guller, S. (2011). Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of the immune system at the implantation site. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1221(1), 80-87. Pazos, M., Sperling, R. S., Moran, T. M., Kraus, T. A. (2012). The influence of pregnancy on systemic immunity. Immunologic research, 54(1-3), 254-261. Racicot, K., Kwon, J. Y., Aldo, P., Silasi, M., Mor, G. (2014). Understanding the complexity of the immune system during pregnancy. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 72(2), 107-116. Robbins, J. R., Bakardjiev, A. I. (2012). Pathogens and the placental fortress. Current opinion in microbiology, 15(1), 36-43. Silasi, M., Cardenas, I., Kwon, J. Y., Racicot, K., Aldo, P., Mor, G. (2015). Viral infections during pregnancy. American journal of reproductive immunology, 73(3), 199-213.

The Northcliffe Revolution Essay Example

The Northcliffe Revolution Essay The intention of this paper is to explore the notion that Lord Northcliffe, the owner of popular papers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries such as the Daily Mail, had such a pivotal role in the press of the epoch that he could be easily described as possessing such incredible power as to revolutionise a growing industry, such as that of the print based press. To be able to develop upon, or dismantle, such a widely debated topic of the era in which the press industries boomed and caused this vast and historical moment of the public communications field, I intend to analyse both the suggestions which support and the suggestions which disagree with the notion that Northcliffe had such a pivotal role in defining how the press developed in the period 1890-1930. Questions have been raised as to whether or not the so-called Northcliffe Revolution is really a useful way of understanding developments in British press in the above-mentioned period, 1890-1930. Francis Williams who was the 1940s press officer to Labour M. P. Atley claimed that Northcliffe started a revolution in the press industry, whereas Jean Chalaby would argue that Northcliffe didnt produce revolutionary ideas when it came to journalism etc, he more simply applied improved, and developed, upon existing techniques (Chalaby: 2000: 27). We will write a custom essay sample on The Northcliffe Revolution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Northcliffe Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Northcliffe Revolution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is from these sort of fundamental arguments that the intentions of this essay will be based, and from this will come an opinion on the usefulness of understanding press developments between 1890 and 1930 through the perspective of the Northcliffe Revolution. Northcliffe himself knew the importance that a national daily newspaper would mean to him financially and so introduced to the nation its first daily paper The Daily Mail. It was Northcliffes entrepreneurial desire to achieve this target that led to the Daily Mail reaching a circulation of just a few thousand under 1 million readers at 989,000 (Williams: 1998: 56). But this would not have been possible if not for the mass use of advertising within his publication. Advertising During the period of 1890-1930 the print based press undoubtedly developed financially. As is understandable the costs in order to produce a publication such as a daily newspaper rose considerably. During the 1830s, publicist Henry Hetherington needed only thirty pounds in order to start his paper, whereas Lord Northcliffe needed almost six hundred thousand pounds in order for his Daily Mail venture to get off the ground and become a realisation (Curran Seaton: 1991: 35). It was through this knowledge that Northcliffe knew that revenue would need to be gained through some other approach. Northcliffe also understood the need to keep the cost of buying a publication for the average consumer down to the minimum as to attract a continual and loyal following. Thus, Lord Northcliffe pioneered the use of mass advertising. Undeniably, advertising had always had a part to play, but Kevin Williams, who wrote Get me a murder a day! : A History of Mass Communications in Britain, would argue that there had never been such an indisputable link, at that moment in time, between the advertisers and the major publications. Advertising became not only the main source of revenue but also the main way of keeping prices down, so in turn newspapers ceased to sell at their factual outlay and the cover price of the newspapers was subsidised by advertising profits. Williams though, recognises the fact that Northcliffe had a major part to play in the area of advertising, but he does recognise the fact that major publications that were not Northcliffes were already heavily reliant on the advertising side of their revenue. By the late eighteen-eighties, nearly sixty one percent of the column space of the Telegraph, forty nine percent of The Times and just over forty percent of the Scotsman were devoted to advertising. This seems to point to the notion that the application of advertising was already a major factor of publication revenue and not a revolutionary idea drummed up by the ever power-increasing Lord Northcliffe. Other factors though, indicate a very strong argument in favour of the Northcliffe Revolution idea. Lord Northcliffe certainly can be acknowledged as being the founder of the idea in which circulation figures are printed on the cover of the publication. Lord Northcliffe knew that his newspapers were the major players in their respective target markets, and he recognized that if advertisers had a realisation that this was accurate then they would be more inclined to pay his publications for advertising than his competitors, and so front-page circulation statistics were born. Coupled with this new idea of openly printing the newspapers circulation figures was the innovative idea that Northcliffe came up with, which was to charge rates for advertising based on the size of the circulation. Whereas previously the advertisement rates were charged by the amount of space taken up to print that advert (per column inches), Northcliffe charged advertisers for every 1000 readers, and therefore creating a major link between publications and advertising for the present and the inevitably the long term (Williams: 1998: 59). Through this increase in advertising revenue, Northcliffe was able to increase circulation through the cutting of the cost of the paper and hence came up with the well-remembered slogan of the Daily Mail, the penny paper for half a penny. Large-scale advertising led to a major revamp in Northcliffes Daily Mail becoming the first to break up the column style of traditional newspaper appearance (Williams: 1998: 59). Newspaper Composition and Journalistic Techniques Through Northcliffes significant contribution in providing what seems to be an almost eternal link between advertising and newspapers, he also changed the way in which a newspaper is structured, its composition, and the journalistic news values and techniques that were employed by the then present day journalists. Prior to the beginning of the Northcliffe Revolution all newspaper advertisements were of a classified nature and were rigidly placed within columns. Northcliffe saw the possibility of development in this area of newspaper composition and so even though attempts to break up the column format were strongly resisted, his Daily Mail newspaper was the first to allow whole page advertisements, with department store Selfridges being the most notable in 1924 (Murdock Golding: 1977: 131).