Compare and Contrast Essay

In Pride and Prejudice, the main character Elizabeth is shown to have great pride towards the main male character Darcy. This is because in their first meeting Elizabeth’s pride is wounded by Darcy as he says †She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me, and I am in no humor to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men.† This unkind and proud comment causes Elizabeth to take an immediate dislike to Darcy. After everyone has left for Rosings, Elizabeth is still furious from the news that Darcy was the cause of Jane and Bingley’s break up. Elizabeth is then shocked by the arrival of Darcy. After a few moments of silence, Darcy shocks Elizabeth with a sudden declaration of love for her and a proposal of marriage. At first, Elizabeth is flattered in spite of her deeply rooted prejudice against Darcy. Elizabeth’s feelings soon turn to rage as Darcy catalogs all the reasons why he did not pursue his feelings earlier. As payback, Elizabeth stuns Darcy by refusing his proposal very harshly. This shows the extent of her prejudice against Darcy as she says that even from the beginning she disliked him. Meanwhile, Collins proposal is an altogether completely different. There are no unkind words, shouts or insults. Collins proposal is different because with him, Elizabeth has no â€Å"dislike† for him as she does for Darcy. Even though his proposal is very business like and not of love, Elizabeth is shown to have strength in declining it very kindly. Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth, in a long speech explaining that he considers it appropriate for him to marry and that he wants to marry one of the Ms. Bennets in order lessen the difficulty of the entailment of the estate. Elizabeth refuses him in no uncertain terms, but Mr. Collins refuses to believe that her refusal could be sincere, considering it a formality of female etiquette to always refuse a proposal the first time. However, Elizabeth repeats and strengthens her refusal, but as he still cannot believe her to be sincere, so she leaves. Mr. Collins’ proposal and his reaction to Elizabeth’s refusal set Austen’s portrait of this absurd character. Only after he explains these cold considerations does he mention that he has a high regard for Elizabeth. Since none of his own words expresses genuine thoughts or feelings, he assumes that no one else’s words do either. Further, his conceit prevents him from seeing any reason why Elizabeth would not want to marry him. However, Elizabeth’s reactions to each proposal are very different. When Collins proposes to her, she declines politely, and then walks off whereas in Darcy’s proposal Elizabeth is very rude to Darcy, and declines him very harshly. She means to hurt him with his words. She gives both her proposers a beating of their pride. When we look at her reactions to both the proposals, we are shown how deep and fixed Elizabeth’s prejudice against Darcy is because she does not give Darcy a chance to explain himself and she readily believes Wickham’s words. Here we really see how badly she dislikes Darcy. It is almost as if Darcy is to be blamed for everything. Elizabeth does not stop to think that Darcy might actually be right. These two events bring out the title as Elizabeth is shown to have her pride and prejudices and Darcy his own each believing that the other is wrong.

Comparison Between The American Revolutionary War And The 11 States Secession From The Union

The American Revolutionary War which occurred between 1775 and 1783 a conflict that involved the Thirteen United British colonies in North America and the Kingdom of Great Britain. The thirteen colonies had been established between 1607 and 1733 as a result of the British colonization in North America. The thirteen states desire to overthrow the British rule and to acquire independence motivated the revolutionaries to fight for the control of the Thirteen British Colonies from the British rule.As a result of the war, the thirteen colonies were able to overthrow the British Empire governance and gain independence to become the United States of America. Self –governing independent states were formed by the colonies, which then became united in order to defend their independence or self-governance against the British rule. At the end of the war, the thirteen colonies were able to break away from the British Empire rule, and they became independent under the 1776 Declaration of In dependence.The secession of the eleven southern states from the US Federal government(Union) resulted to the American Civil War which occurred between 1861 and 1865 . The secession resulted to the formation of the Confederate States of America(Confederacy),which was supported by all the border slave and free states. Due to the difference in opinion between the anti-slavery northern states and the slave-owning southern states, the conflict was triggered. The secession was motivated by the southern states fear of losing control over the federal government to the northern states.The southern states also intended to continue with slavery, which the northern states did not support. Both the American Revolutionary War and the secession have certain similarities and differences. Discussion Similarities between the American Revolutionary War and the Eleven Southern States Secession One major similarity between the two historical events is that, one opposing side in the conflicts was motivat ed by the need to be independent. In the American Revolutionary War, the thirteen colonies under the revolutionaries fought against the British rule in order to be independent.Before the conflict, the thirteen colonies were part of the British America which was under the British rule under a set of mandates, dominions, and protectorates. During the secession of the eleven southern states, the states fought for their independence from the Union or the then US Federation government. While the desire to be independent was triggered by different reasons for the two events, the major reason of the two conflicts was to seek sovereignity.The Southern states wanted to be independent so as to practice slavery and continue owning slaves without the influence of the anti-slavery northern states, while the thirteen states wanted their independence from the British unpopular and illegitimate rule. Another similarity between the two is that, the parties that sought to be independent were successf ul. In the American Revolutionary war, the thirteen states were able to get independence and sovereignty to become the United States of America. The secession of the eleven states on the other hand led to the independence of the states from the Union to form the Confederate of States.However, the independence of the southern states was short lived and it ended in 1865. In the two events, there was the use of military forces . The American Revolutionary War involved the British, and the revolutionary and the allies forces. The secession ended with the American Civil War, where the Confederacy and Union forces fought. The Differences The two events were different based on the military forces that were involved in the conflicts. The American Revolutionary War had the other outside military forces assisting the two conflicting parties in the war.However, the secession of southern states and the resulting American Civil War was a conflict between two American forces (the Union and the Co nfederacy forces), where the Union forces were made up of the northern states, while the confederacy forces were made up of the southern states. In addition, the two events were motivated by different reasons to be independent. While the American Revolutionary War resulted from the thirteen states desire to be independent so as to prevent the British rule imposing of taxes and laws that were unpopular , the eleven Southern States desire to be independent was motivated by the states support of slavery.Did the Constitution require a Perpetual Union? The Perpetual Union played an important role in the formation of the US Constitution. After defeating the British rule, the governing constitution of the thirteen independent states was the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. This made it possible for the formation of the â€Å"United States of America† and the confederation government. The states were therefore able to retain their sovereignity. The establishment of a fe deral system of governance made it less important for some content of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union to be put in the constitution.However,the perpetual union constitution paved way for a more powerful and balanced government. The need to have a more powerful government and balance legislative decisions of small and large states motivated the replacement of the Articles of Perpetual Union with the US Constitution . Abraham Lincoln made an inaugural address in March 4, 1861 in relation to the constitution and the Union. According to his speech, Lincoln recognized that the Union was older than the constitution.The Union had been formed much earlier than the constitution under the Articles of Association in 1774, and the 1776 Declaration of Independence continued the union. After getting their sovereignity, the Thirteen States had accepted to be in the Perpetual Union in 1778 under the Articles of Confederation. Lincoln through his inaugural address acknowledged the importance of the Perpetual Union by stating that the 1787 move to establish and ordain a US Constitution was to improve the earlier formed union into a perfect union.ConclusionThe American Revolutionary War and the secession of the eleven southern states are two historical events that have contributed greatly to the American history . The activities that took place during the two events have continued to mould the American society up to date. These two events were very beneficial to the American people because they managed to obtain their independence from the British rule, and the social injustices (slavery) fought against. Though many people lost their lives during the conflicts, the American people continue to enjoy the benefits that resulted from the conflicts up to date.Works Cited Chambers, John. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press, 1999 Heidler, David. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (20 02), 1591–98 Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789. Northeastern University Press, 1983 Kenneth, Stampp. â€Å"The Concept of a Perpetual Union,† The Journal of American History, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jun. , 1978), pp. 5-33 Weintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears; America's Battle for Freedom, Britain's Quagmire: 1775- 1783. New York: Free Press, 2005

Geography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geography - Assignment Example The country I have chosen to discus is Estonia which is officially called the Republic of Estonia. Gulf of Finland borders it on the north, Baltic Sea lies on the west; it shares a border with Latvia on the south and to the east lies the Russian Federation. One of the primary centripetal forces acting on Estonia is the Estonian Language, which is very closely linked with Finnish and thus Estonians are Finnic people. Another centripetal force that acts on Estonia is Music; the Estonians have a tradition of â€Å"Estonian Song Festivals which emerged during that Estonian National Awakening in 1969. Presently, it is one of the largest amateur choral events world-over, and generally a choir comprises of about 18,000 people. Centripetal force acting on Estonia is the Estonian Constitution which guarantees absolute religious freedom, clear distinction between state and religion, the individual privacy in religious practices and affiliations. This leads for Estonia to have one of the highe st levels of irreligious individuals, the highest percentage is of religious followers is that of is Evangelical Lutheranism which has only 14.8% followers in the Estonian population. Estonia also possesses a very well-built information technology sector, it is also measured as the most â€Å"wired† and advanced country in the entire Europe in light of e-Government of Estonia. Estonia is expected to receive 3.4 billion Euros in the next few years which will be invested in the energy sector, economic and local development and welfare activities. The cultural indicators of language and music will also continue to bind the Estonian people, so I predict that these initiatives will boost the Estonian economy I the next ten years. The centrifugal forces acting on Estonia are in terms if their main industry and the impact they are having on the environment. Environmentally conscious individuals as well as the Estonian Government are very

Economic dissertation3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economic dissertation3 - Essay Example The EU has progressively liberalized textile and clothing imports under quotas to a present level of only 25% of total imports.(Heagreaves,2004)(Smook, 2005) Though the barriers to the entry into the EU market has increased considerably in terms of quality, innovation, lead-time and design, the benefits of ‘Chinese imports without quota’ remains attractive. If the top importers of textile apparel into the whole world EU is assessed, China ranks in the first place, but only accounts for 19.9% of the market. The growth of China with increased penetration of EU will possibly assist in sustaining competitiveness in China, which will make it less reliant on US market. (Smook, 2005) The globalization, of China, in the phasing-out quota, will produce new challenges in the competitiveness, since quotas imposed were generally based on historical exports to those countries and bilateral relationships. Countries for which quotas provided a shield against their low competitive ability will lose out, and countries like China can only go forward through greater competitiveness. China joined the WTO late, at a stage when the 10- year quota phase-out (MFA) was already in progress and as a result, a number of textile and apparel items were quota free overnight. And simultaneously, with joining the WTO, the Chinese Government was actively engaged in new political and economic reform. Large investment in the manufacturing industry increased exports, and the start of the phasing-out of State Owned Enterprises (SOE’s) increased unemployment. This resulted in the increase in production and exports. Overall Chinese textile and apparel imports to the US alone grew by 117% in 2002, and another 75% by August 2003 in some quota categories (Heagreaves, 2004) (Smook, 2005) The massive and growing population of China provides for low cost of labour which can be a great advantage in achieving low cost production. The

Conduct a Search for Potential Research Sources Paper

Conduct a Search for Potential Sources - Research Paper Example Baby Boomers in the Middle: Analysis of Social Supports Among African-American Caregivers (Gadling, 2010), attempted to answer the critical question whether the caregiver burden is a predictor of social supports for African-American baby boomers. According to the researcher, many baby boomers are in the ‘middle’, which means that they are caught in between their young children and their aging parents because of the commitments and responsibilities that they have towards both these groups. Due to these care-giving obligations, they are not able to focus on their own needs. The research focused on the African American community to find out if the caregiver burden were high because of the low level of social support. The researcher conducted a thorough review of literature where the concepts of care giving care giving stress and the peculiar case of African American caregivers was highlighted. The research methodology was to conduct personal interviews to a group that had f our specific groups belonging to the age group of 45-55, the African Americans, non-Hispanic Whites, Latinos/Hispanics and Asian Americans. The theme of the research was around four key variables like social support, caregiver burden, quality of life and family obligation. Even though these variables provide an overall picture, it would have been better to include variables that specifically stand out for the African American community, rather than including it in the broad variable of quality of life. In addition, as the answers to the survey were collated through the process of interview. However, the questions were strictly close ended, just like in a survey. If some open ended questions were also included, it could have provided an added advantage of some qualitative results too (Creswell, 2007). The research concluded that family obligations, caregiver burden and quality of living as composite variables were not predictors of social support among African-American baby boomers. Social support had an intense effect on the caregiver; hence, social support can have a very high impact on the caregiver. Overall, the research was very elaborate and was carried under ethical considerations. In the research Baby Boomers' Needs and Preferences for Retirement Housing: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Elridge explores the options that Baby Boomers have in retirement housing and tries to understand their requirements. Through a qualitative approach, the researcher has a goal to understand the specific housing requirements of baby boomers with regards to the retirement housing configuration. The research also identifies an additional issue of a huge population approaching the retiring age and hence, adequate housing options are increasingly important. The researcher carried out the research through the Qualitative phenomenological Q-sort method, which is a study individualizing subjectivity as a part of the observation of a phenomenon. This is a very interesting m ethod of research because phenomenology as providing information based on lived experiences. Hence, this method would be able to add the element of subjectivity in the research. However, the researcher has conducted the research with only a very limited sample of 20 respondents. The assumption in the research is

Health Care Policy in USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health Care Policy in USA - Essay Example In this context it is necessary to study the health policies incorporated by the developed countries like the United States of America. A study of the general condition of the health policies is USA is undertaken and analyzed to identify some of the limitations of the health care system. The US healthcare: The overall healthcare system in the United States has taken a rapid progress over the century. The formalization of the US healthcare system occurred in 1990s when medical licensure was incorporated by the government. Hospitals started serving the public in the 1920’s. However the accreditation of the hospitals was started much later after privately owned heath insurance evolved in the market. The effective participation of the government in the US heath care policy was evident when the government started sponsoring the Medicare and the Medicaid policy back in the year 1966 (Greenwald 22-25). The participation from the government also came into picture when the government s tarted providing benefits to the diseased children belonging from low income family. US maintains a variety of health policies, however the overall marginal benefit arising from the health care services is often very small. An initial surgery in cancer does not cost much to the patients but the cost of radiation and chemotherapy involves a greater expense which reduces the overall benefit the patients receive from the health care facilities. The additional treatments which patients had to incur are not covered by the heath policies and the overall utility which the patients receive becomes hugely insignificant. The disadvantaged people are also not on the receiving ends of high end facilities The criteria for eligibility under the disadvantaged quota is a matter of concern ,and most of the undocumented immigrantsare barred from the service. However the immigrant’s forms a greater part of the US population and the government should also try their best to deliver for their caus e. The overall heath care costs in the country are borne by the taxpayers, health insurance agencies, and various other government agencies. However over the past decade the general consumers have borne a large part of the tax. In recent times various participants in the US healthcare policies have tried to shift the cost among each other This has lead to the increased resistance from various groups for receiving higher health care without much increase in the overall cost towards the service. The increase of cost in the health care system has endangered the condition of the poor section of economy.The healthcare system and policies in USA is of voluntary in nature and it has two definite purpose of taking the care of the health system in USA, through the preferential pricing and also at the same time it provides a financial protection from unprecedented increase in the overall cost of healthcare. The heath care policy also looks after the benefits of the doctors and the insurance p roviders by providing financial stability in their business. (Greenwald 22-25) Health care policies in US: The US government follows three-tier health system, which are National Health Service (NHS), social health insurance (SHI), and private health insurance. In matters of publichealthcare, the US government has three popular policies which are Medicaid and

Analysis of Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Financial Statements - Essay Example The suite that I choose for the ratio analysis was the Wagner suite. The reason I choose this suite was based on the fact that the suite provides better balance in comparison with the StuarMason. The StuartMason ratio suite places too much importance on sales turnover. The greatest weight in the Wagner suite goes to sales growth which is a great indicator of the progress the company has made through the passage of time. As far as the ratio analysis the company that rated better overall was Lambda. The profitability, sales turnover, liquidity, and capital structure of Lambda are superior. One of the few metrics in which Coral received a better rating was sales growth. The second analysis that was performed to compare the two businesses been considered for a joint venture was an analysis of the notes to the financial statements. The accounting practices of Lambda are more aligned with the requirements of Panorama. As far as inventory Lambda utilizes First In First Out inventory system (FIFO). FIFO provides advantages such as providing a more accurate valuation of the total inventory. Coral has some pending lawsuits yet to be resolved that could inhibit the financial status of the company in the future. Both companies are weak as far as its stock option disclosures due to the fact that they do not mention the actual amounts of stock options outstanding. The third analytic tool utilized in the simulation was an evaluation of the non-financial information of the company. The non financial metrics of the pair of companies seem to indicate that Lambda is a superior choice. Lambda has a lower employee turnover ratio which is a positive sign. A low employee turnover ration represents money savings since it reduces initial training expenses and it allows for a company to create value in the form of human capital. Lambda has a better array of products and higher revenues from the introduction of new products. Lambda

What is the Video Display Terminal Issue Assignment

What is the Video Display Terminal Issue - Assignment Example Many jobs today in the office field today are computer driven. A minimum of eight hours in front of a computer can damage or affect workers negatively. When a worker goes home uses cell phones, home computers, or PDA’s, the number of hours spent in front of a VDT will be in excess of eight hours a day. This amount of time in front of a VDT will not only affect workers negatively but decrease worker productivity as well. VDT affects range from mild to severe. Most of VDT complaints are neck/shoulder pain, headaches, blurred vision, eyestrain, headaches, and other vision problems (Salibello and Nilsen 1995:679). All of these symptoms decrease worker productivity by making the worker ill. Neck/shoulder pains make a worker rub their neck and shoulders more. Workers tend to focus on their pain center instead of productivity. This symptom can also produce restless nights making workers come in tired and sluggish. Other health factors are not as obvious as the ones listed above. One health issue is dust particle attraction toward a VDT screen. Many people allergic to dust or other airborne allergens might suffer from red eyes, rash, or sinus problems. Cleaning the computer screen frequently can prevent allergens from affecting workers. There are discussions about radiation emitting from VDT. No tests have been conclusive about radiation from a VDT screen harming workers have been found. The concern is still present, however, especially in pregnant women. These health issues are not as common but can impact worker productivity as well. VDT’s themselves can be harmful, but placed incorrectly a VDT can cause even more damage. When placing a VDT in an office lighting consideration is vital. Different workers need different types of lighting.  

Business and Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and Society - Research Paper Example From then on, strategies should be developed in order to incorporate their participation in forming a coalition which can divine special assistance to the company in its entirety. Stakeholder analysis is particularly important because of the increasing interconnectivity nature of the world. Not one corporation is fully in monopoly of one particular business because there are many other entities involved, all with their own interests and motives. In order to be successful as CEO, it is imperative to be able to identify the key stakeholders and take advantage of the scenario. Stakeholders have varying interests which are dependent on their roles and relationship to the company. In identifying these roles, only then can a better understanding be founded on how to best manage them. There are two kinds of stakeholders; the primary and the secondary stakeholders. By definition, the primary stakeholders, also known as the market stakeholders, are the ones directly benefitting and/or affected by the performance of the corporation or a particular business activity (Akpinar, p. 52). These may include customers, employees, stockholders, creditors, suppliers, and basically anyone with financial and functional interest to the operation or business situation. The secondary stakeholders, who are also referred as non-market stakeholders, are individuals or groups which are not directly affected by the results or consequences of the company but still hold interest to the corporation. Such as these are the money-lending institutions, government agencies, the media, competitors, or even the general public. Secondary stakeholders are also important not only since they can also be primary stakeholders, too, but also because they influence the empowerment or the limitation of the capacity of the operations of the corporation. Like dominos, many individuals, groups, and other organizations are affected and involved with the actions of a company. Problems facing the

Fiction and Literary Works Essay Example for Free

Fiction and Literary Works Essay With that said, it is important to remember that all literary works cannot always be easily classified into a single genre. Moreover, literary works which might be classified as belonging to one genre might possess many qualities more typical of other genres. For example, Shakespeare’s Macbeth is classified as drama, but in many respects takes the form of poetry. In other words, sometimes the differences between categories like drama, poetry, and the short story are not so easily defined. Often a short story might contain poetic or dramatic qualities, or a poem might include narrative and dramatic features. In your post, summarize the major similarities and differences between the forms of drama, poetry, and the short story. Demonstrate your ideas with textual examples from the course readings. In your response, include at least one example of each literary form. If you wish, you may also point to examples which indicate the blurring of literary genres (e. g. , the poetic qualities of Macbeth or the dramatic elements of Gift of the Magi). There are so much to say when it comes to similarities with drama, poetry and a short story. Personally I see that all three have some subliminal message for the audience whether it is lessons learn or an experience personal to the writer. In literary perspectives, like mentioned above, sometimes a poem or short story can merge with another genre such as drama. An example of a short story that can be drama is perhaps â€Å"The Necklace† because the story is about a lady who borrows and loses something her friend lent her and went through so much trouble to replace it instead of coming clean with the friend. A drama is meant to have characters that perform and we see this is a short story known as â€Å"I’m Going† where we see the characters clearly speaking and also we get narrative information to help the audience understand the plot and setting. Poetry is written in different formats or rhythms but can also tell a story but does not always have a plot. All have some sort of tone to set the seriousness or relax humor of the literary work. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is a poem which tells a story of a father and son yet there are also dramatic features as the story is told.

Pacs Implementation Within A Radiology Department Information Technology Essay

Pacs Implementation Within A Radiology Department Information Technology Essay Information technologies and systems have revolutionised the way people think and act in many spheres of life. Information systems are deemed to be one of the major tools available for business managers for achieving operational excellence, developing new products and services, improving decision making and achieving competitive advantage (Laudon Laudon, 2009). The domain of information systems is an exciting evolution creating digital content in their products and services and delivering them over digital networks as being practiced widely in businesses, including in the healthcare enterprise. In the healthcare industry, information systems have created opportunity to restructure both the operational and architectural aspects in general, particularly in the radiology department (Rostenberg, 2006, p. 15). Perhaps as Jalaludin et al. (2005, p. 56) stated, no other specialty in medicine has benefited as greatly as in radiology with respect to advances in electronics and computers. The transformation of digital radiology will strive on giving way from the expensive and time-consuming endeavour of film and paper based methods to the faster and simpler computer based ones. As radiology continues to grow and evolve, paradigm changes such as reengineering information storage and delivery, as well as refining the overarching data repositories and access systems that support the healthcare consumer is required in order to be competitive. In keeping with the challenges, a prominent feature of evolution would be the proliferation of enterprise-wide electronic Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS), which has changed the face of radiology by radically altering the core drivers of traditional film-based imaging facilities. Filmless image management systems will become popular in all hospitals in the near future (Furukawa et al., 2004). Therefore one should investigate the merits demerits of implementing this system effectively taking into consideration the productivity improvements and cost reductions while providing better patient care. 2.0 Purpose The purpose of this report is to propose PACS implementation within a radiology department in a public sector medical centre located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as part of a strategic business plan to create competitive advantage in the ever increasing patient demand. The author will conduct an analysis of the competitive environment and resources evaluating the strategic options in implementing PACS. Apart from this, an outline of the MIS requirements for the successful implementation of the selected PACS strategy and the associated plan needed to be undertaken will also be highlighted. This will lend a hand in securing funding and to provide a roadmap for its implementation within the timeline of one (1) year. The judicious planning of PACS strategy business plan will aim towards reengineering information storage and digital delivery as part of fulfilling the departments goals and objectives in creating a filmless environment, thus adding value and improving the business of radiology. 3.0 Organisational and Environmental Audit. The development of PACS strategy in the evolving field of radiology, as stated by Chan (2002) consists of two main interrelated processes such as: gaining insight into the organisation and its environment; and positioning the organisation for sustained competitive advantage Organisations need to respond to changes in their environment by continuous adaptation, which warrants making decisions on how to adjust and develop their products and services by keeping pace with environmental changes; otherwise they will lose their competitiveness (Chan, 2002). In addition, government regulation such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has driven many to demand improvements in the management of the information systems within the healthcare system with PACS being one of the primary components of this requirement (Smith Hirschorn, 2006, p.157). As such, it is important to answer three essential strategic questions and develop the framework for PACS strategy, thus focusing on few elements that relatively contribute to sustained competitive advantage (Table 1). Strategic Questions Framework Where is our organisation right now? Wide range of information is collected. Where do we aim to go in the future? Insight developed and options generated. How do we get there? Implementation of new strategy. Table 1: Strategic questions and framework in PACS strategy development (Chan, 2002) As part of gathering wide range of information to set the framework for PACS strategy development, strategic analysis such as external environment and organisational audit is required as shown in Table 2. Strategic Analysis Outcome Development in radiology context External Environment Review events and trends that have occurred, occurring or anticipated to occur. Changes in economic, governmental, technologic, physical, cultural and managerial process. Mandate the conversion from the analogue paper and film based systems to a purely digital department. Organisational Evaluate the structure, operations, resources and culture of the organisations. Identify the current capabilities and the availability for the future strategic initiatives. The support of personnel from all levels will bring it closer to the department goals of going filmless. Capabilities enhanced through proper training and coaching sessions. Table 2: Strategic Analysis in PACS development (Chan, 2002) In addition, it is also imperative to gain information regarding the interrelationships between the two. As such, a simple integrative analysis, known as SWOT is performed to highlight the inherent strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats about the organisation and the relevant environmental factors facing the organisation in implementing PACS strategic business plan, as shown in Table 3. STRENGTHS: The development of an organisations particular set of resources, which leads to sustainable competitive advantage. Collective organisational learning that results in superior performance, especially in coordinating and integrating new activities and workflows. New strategy and initiatives fosters new views of the role of radiology in the health care industry, thus adding value to the services rendered. WEAKNESSES The resulting strategy may fall out of favour as a result of plans becoming too detailed and cumbersome to implement. Different divisions may be inflexible in the face of changing business conditions and new competition. Should this be unsuccessful, the managers and employees who were responsible for the implementation of the chosen strategy may feel disempowered. OPPORTUNITIES Building new capabilities and inventive in the use of limited resources to close gap should there be misfit between available resources and the resources needed for the desired goal. The push to possess leadership qualities along the new development path and change management. Room to exercise imagination and creativity throughout the development and implementation of new strategy. THREATS External events or environmental trends that cannot be foreseen by observers could affect or even invalidate the viability of each strategic option that is considered. High costs of increased government regulations in radiology practices may deter the implementation. Table 3: Authors framework of SWOT analysis about the organisation and the relevant environmental factors in implementing PACS strategic business plan 4.0 Competitive Analysis Once the insight of an organisation and its environment is gained, it is fundamental to undertake competitive analysis. These include a definition of the immediate radiology market, a description of competitors and the status of their PACS implementations (Levine, 2006, p. 37). In creating the framework to help determine industry competition, arguably the most widely used model will be Porters five forces model (Figure 1). Figure 1: The five competitive forces that shape strategy (Porter, 2008) According to Porters five competitive forces model, the strategic position of the firm and its strategies are determined by competition with its traditional direct competitors and also greatly affected by new market entrants, substitute products and services suppliers and customers (Laudon Laudon, 2009, p. 107). A market research conducted by Frost and Sullivan (2010) stated that the radiology markets in Southeast Asia have considerable potential, regardless of their maturity. In addition, the analyst further reiterated that with the decline in costs and advancements in PACS applications, smaller hospitals have begun to implement PACS in radiology and also in various medical disciplines such as the cardiology and dentistry departments that produce medical images too; thus enabling better image management. Therefore, the strategic plan should note any PACS advertising done by local competitors in order to highlight any potential threat to market share, then perform the market share at risk if PACS is not implemented at this institution to estimate the amount of additional revenue that may be shifted to or from a competitor that has respectively superior or inferior radiology services. However Levine (2006, p. 39) stated that, a potent argument for PACS in the strategic plan will be to compare capacity and productivity gains that can be expected to accrue from the implementation to the future increases in demand for radiological services due to the normal growth and increased market share. As such, applying Porters five forces competitive analysis in PACS strategy would generate a framework as shown in Table 4. Competitors: Government hospitals Teaching hospitals Private medical centres Potential competitors: All radiology businesses Substitute products: Advances in hardware and software Breakthrough products in other emerging imaging technology with built-in information systems Networking only a few workstations together from radiology department to a particular department Buyers: Individual hospitals or medical centres Regional health care networks and integrated delivery systems Government programmes Managed care organisations Suppliers: Information technology providers (HIS, RIS, PACS, Application Service Providers) Manufacturers of imaging devices and supplies Table 4: Authors framework using Porters five forces competitive analysis applied in PACS strategy 5.0 Strategic Implications There are three basic strategic options available to organisations for gaining competitive advantage, according to Porters Generic Competitive Strategies model (Figure 2), namely, cost leadership, differentiation and focus, thus developing the edge, which brings revenue for the organisation and takes it away from ones competitor (Mind Tools, 2011). Figure 2: Porters Generic Competitive Strategies model (MBA Knowledge Base, 2011) With the implementation of PACS, this organisation aims to provide low-cost, thus achieving cost leadership by gaining market share, whilst maintaining profitability and pursue a differentiation-based strategy by offering unique product and services; thus offering a greater value package to customers and competitors. In addition, it is imperative to use technology, where possible, to create or enhance customer value and satisfaction. As such, Porters value chain model (Figure 3) can be generalised to the practice of radiology to identify the key value drivers to build customer satisfaction through the implementation of PACS as a new strategy. Figure 3: Porters value chain generalised to the practice of radiology (Schomer et al., 2000) The model views a series of primary and support activities that add value to the organisations products or services (Laudon Laudon, 2009). In radiology practice, these include four support activities; namely, the organisation infrastructure, human resources, technology development and procurement, which is straightforward, focusing on reducing costs in these areas for both customers and organisation. On the other hand, the five primary activities, namely, inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and service are quite specific and leveraging using technology, such as the PACS, can often significantly enhance each of these activities. Each activity has an associated cost and therefore the residual margin (black area in Figure 9) will be retained as the shareholder earnings (Schomer et. al., 2000). 6.0 PACS Strategic Plan Recommendation What is PACS and why choose this strategic plan in a radiology set-up? PACS include computers or networks with dedicated storage, retrieval, distribution and image management, which are stored in an independent Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format (Amber Diagnostics, 2010). PACS can eliminate many of the time-consuming processes associated with film-based medicine and enable the practice of filmless medicine (Figure 4). This adds value to the radiological services, which not only provides services by generating diagnostic reports, but also expedites the timely delivery of results (Levine 2006, p. 27). PACS completely reengineers radiology practices by enabling ubiquitous availability of images to be electronically viewed virtually anywhere and simultaneously, resulting in improved clinical care and productivity throughout the healthcare enterprise. Figure 4: Film-based medicine and filmless medicine (Furukawa et al., 2004). The current set-up of the radiology department encompasses of digital multi-modalities such as, Computed Tomography (CT) Scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Digital Angiography and others performing approximately 180,000 200,000 examinations per year. As part of aiming towards creating a digital environment, besides procuring these digital modalities, the department has also established connectivity to a Radiology Information System (RIS) and Hospital Information System (HIS). The HIS feeds verified patient demographics to the RIS, which in turn is responsible for scheduling orders, capturing relevant clinical information and providing a platform for radiologists to prepare examination reports. However, currently hard-copy medical images are the only image capture, display and storage medium. Besides radiology, view boxes are found in diverse locations such as wards and clinics in order to view the radiological images. There is usually only one copy of film to be displayed at any one time, thus reducing the efficiency and effectiveness of patient management. The image management in a conventional environment involves exceedingly complex, high manual and work-intensive processes involving as many as eight (8) different types of personnel performing up to ten (10) different tasks and takes about 1 to 4 hours to generate results [Figure 5(a)]. However in a fully electronic environment, this can be reduced to approximately eight (8) tasks, many accomplished by computers, allowing the number of people involved to be reduced to four (4) and results to be generated within 45 minutes to 1 hour [Figure 5(b)]. As such, the implementation of PACS will foster stronger development of consolidated delivery networks at not only the departmental level but also at the organisational level. Figure 5: Workflow process from radiological examination request to final report in a (a) conventional environment and in an electronic (b) RIS and PACS environment [distrib. = distributed, Dx = diagnosis, Phys. = Physician, Sched. = schedule] (adapted from Bryan, 2003) With the need for increased quality, clinical effectiveness and meeting the pressure of market competition in the digital world, PACS is seen as an opportunity to provide patients with clinical services that could never be provided in the analogue world. The scope and benefits of PACS reach beyond the radiology department, whereby, it also greatly expands the exposure, expense and operational impact; hence the need to be comprehensive and include all key players in the decision making process, planning and the development of new strategy is crucial (Chaney Cotter, 1998). Implementing and integrating PACS requires significant planning, workflow redesign, system configuration and training. However a common problem in implementing PACS will be recognising the mix of image generation technologies or modalities and identifying different types of interfaces (Chaney and Cotter, 1998). With regard to this, older equipment already installed in this radiology department may require specialised protocol conversion to talk to the new PACS equipment although the established communication standards can be supported by the newer equipment in the market today. As such, the PACS and modality vendor input is crucial to identify the required number of modalities to be linked and whether any licensing or implementation costs attached to each modality connection will be required. An enterprise-wide strategic planning methodology for PACS, which involves a broad cross section of the imaging and user community, proposed for this medical centre is outlined as in Figure 6. Figure 6: Development of an enterprise-wide PACS strategic plan (adapted from Chaney and Cotter, 1998) Once a structured PACS strategy planning process to establish a sound business case has been undertaken, the next step will be developing a Request For Proposal (RFP) and conducting the PACS vendor selection process. The PACS equipment needs and archive size requirements are instrumental in preparing an effective RFP. The RFP will include detailed specifications for the locations and types of required equipment and a high-level project plan in order to specify the installation accurately as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7: PACS life cycle overview (adapted from Chaney and Cotter, 1998) In addition, it is also imperative for vendors to be able to specify all devices required during the vendor quotation phase of the project. Finally, establishing connections to the already existing RIS-HIS, computed radiography, digital radiography and results reporting may consume months prior to the roll-out of the system as shown in Gantt Chart (Appendix 1). 7.0 Financial analysis The financial analysis plays an integral part of the business case development and is crucial to the assessment of the economic viability of the proposed PACS initiative. This would set the stage for the technical and performance specifications prior to the establishment of a procurement exercise. Lim (2008) stated that the budgets for PACS acquisition project are usually identified as capital budget estimate, which encompasses the probable costs to purchase and implement the technology and recurrent budget estimate that represents the projected future costs of managing and maintaining the system in a sustainable operational state. The capital and recurrent costs descriptive items are as shown in Table 5. Types of costs Descriptions of items Capital costs Capital purchase costs of PACS Installation and commissioning costs Any costs associated with imaging equipment upgrades Infrastructure costs (e.g. data centre, network, computers for image distribution) Change management Recurrent costs Staff and accommodation Consumables Ongoing training Upgrade costs Table 5: Capital and recurrent costs for PACS acquisition project (Lim, 2008) With regards to the PACS acquisition, Lim (2008) further stated that there are a few financial models to be considered when acquiring PACS, namely: The traditional purchase, where purchase is outright and owned and managed by the institution, with vendor providing technical support under a service contract agreement, which is a common method in public sector; Application Service Provider (ASP), where the facility purchases a service from the vendor with charges based on fee-per-service arrangements; Leasing models, which can have some financial incentives in private sector context. The proposed budgetary costs for PACS implementation recommended for this public sector medical centre is based on a traditional purchase acquisition model, which illustrates how a capital and recurrent budget may be established amounting to costs assumption of RM 3,487,000 presented in Appendix 1. However, calculating the purchase, upgrade and running costs is only half of the budgeting task, the other side of the equation is the cost savings, efficiencies and service improvements that this technology can bring to an imaging facility. These savings include film and stationery costs such as jackets, chemistry costs, film storage and handling including space and file room staff, processor purchase and running costs. Therefore it is important to undertake a cost-benefit analysis to see whether an individual option has financial or economic merit. A study conducted by Van Genip et al., (1994, cited in Becker and Arenson, 1994) stated that the overview of data from 15 cases collected with CAPACITY (Cost and Critical Analysis of PACS Indicating its Yield) cost-modelling software suggests that, when the cost of hardware components is allowed to drop 5% to 25% per year, some hospital-wide systems will become less expensive than film in the future with breakeven between 4-8 years, which is applicable for this scenario. As such, with the fast decreasing price of digital storage in the current market, it is deemed that PACS will provide cost and space advantage as compared to film archives. However, a downtime contingency plan, where costs for backup film printing using laser printers is also crucial to support successful implementation. Cost benefit analysis will provide useful information, but not all the answers. Therefore, one should also consider the intangible benefits such as the service efficiencies and quality improvement that PACS can generate, particularly with fast throughput of images; hence these factors should be taken as part of any economic justification. 8.0 Conclusion The informed decision to select, implement and operate PACS begins with a sound, business oriented approach and judicious planning up front in implanting PACS as a strategy. As such building a documented business case and report is the first step to establish baseline expectation for system implementation throughout the enterprise as well as providing an accountability structure and project leadership as has been presented in this report. In this age of high information density and the necessity of its efficient and rapid dissemination through the integrated delivery of networks in healthcare, enterprises should see the decision to implement PACS as a necessary step in maintaining their market position. The greater value of a secure and fast repository of images provided by PACS, will improve the detection of disease through improved patient outcomes. These factors will have a huge impact on the way medicine is practiced and the quality of care patients receive. As such it is important for the radiology department to adopt PACS considering the service efficiencies, cost savings and service quality improvements that it can generate; thus creating a competitive advantage in the business of radiology. 9.0 References AMBER DIAGNOSTICS. 2010. Radiology Management System RIS / PACS. Amber Diagnostics [WWW] http://www.amberusa.com/ris/ris-index.asp (29 October 2010). Becker, S. H. and Arenson, R. L. 1994. Costs and Benefits of Picture Archiving and Communication Systems. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. [Online journal]. 1(5). pp. 361-371. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC116218/ (10 April 2011). Bryan, R. N. 2003. The Digital rEvolution: The Millennial Change in Medical Imaging. Radiology. [Online journal]. http://radiology.rsna.org/content/229/2/299.full. (22 March 2011). Chan, S. 2002. The Importance of Strategy for the Evolving Field of Radiology. Radiology. [Online journal]. http://radiology.rsna.org/content/224/3/639.full. (25 March 2011). Chaney, D. M. and Cotter, N. K. 1998. Comprehensive business planning for PACS. Applied Radiology. [Online journal]. 27(12). (http://www.appliedradiology.com/uploadedfiles/Issues/1998/12/Articles/v0027i12/00801387/main.pdf (25 March 2011). Furukawa, H., Endo, M. Aramaki, T., Morimoto, N., Uematsu, T., Yukizawa, S. and Yuen, S. 2004. Picture Archiving and Communication System Introduced to a New Japanese Cancer Center Hospital. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. [Online journal]. 34 (7). pp. 425-428. http://jjco.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/7/425.full (20 March 2011). Frost and Sullivan. 2010. Overview of Total Southeast Asian RIS-PACS Market. [WWW] http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-toc.pag?ctxixpLink=FcmCtx1searchQuery=PACSrepid=P48C-01-00-00-00bdata=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5mcm9zdC5jb20vc3JjaC9jYXRhbG9nLXNlYXJjaC5kbz9xdWVyeVRleHQ9UEFDU0B%2BQFNlYXJjaCBSZXN1bHRzQH5AMTMwMjcxMzI1NjAxNA%3D%3DctxixpLabel=FcmCtx2 (23 April 2011). Jalaludin, M. A., Abdullah, B. J. J., Sarji, S.A. and Hoong, N. K. 2005. University of Malayas Vision for Research Imaging. In: Abdullah, B. J. J., Sarji, S.A., Ranganathan, S. and Hoong, N. K. eds. A New Phase For Imaging, Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press. p. 56. Laudon, K. C. and Laudon, J. P. 2009. Essentials of Management Information Systems. 8th edn. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. LEVINE, A. L. (2006) PACS Strategic Plan and Needs Assessment. In: Smith, G. ed. Administrative Issues. In: Dreyer, K. J., Hirschorn, D. S., Thrall, J. H. and Mehta, A. (eds.) PACS: A Guide To The Digital Revolution. 2nd edn. United States of America: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. MBA Knowledge Base. 2011. Porters Generic Competitive Strategies. [WWW] http://www.mbaknol.com/marketing-management/porters-generic-competitive-strategies/ (10 April 2011). MindTools. 2011. Porters Generic Strategies: Choosing your Route to Competitive Advantage. [WWW] http://mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_82.htm (12 April 2011). Porter, M. 2008. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Reviews. [Online journal]. http://hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape-strategy/ar/1 (28 March 2011) Rostenberg, B. 2006. The Architecture of Medical Imaging: Designing Healthcare Facilities for Advanced Radiological Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, United States of America: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Schomer, D. F., Schomer, B G. and Chang, P. F. 2001. 2000 Plenary Session: Friday Imaging Symposium: Value Innovation in the Radiology Practice. RadioGraphics. [Online journal]. http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/21/4/1019.full (1April 2011). Sim, L. H. 2008. Budgeting for PACS. Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal. [Online journal]. http://www.biij.org/2008/4/e32/e32.pdf (12 April 2011) Appendix 1 PACS Implementation Strategy Plan Gantt Chart (activities based on PACS life cycle overview presented in Figure 7) Phase Activities Month Jun-11 Jul-11 Aug-11 Sep-11 Oct-11 Nov-11 Dec-11 Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 1 PACS comprehensive planning (business technical, functional) 2 PACS vendor selection signing of contract 3 PACS system implementation, training testing 4 PACS implementation system support and enhancement

The Inner-City Problems and Solving Them Essay -- Papers

The Inner-City Problems and Solving Them There are many problems that can be clearly seen in the inner city. Problems such as crime, poor housing (perhaps slums), and unemployment are all apparent. However unemployment levels are gradually dropping. Lack of money gives rise to the problems so are often seen in the lower class areas of cities. On the whole the perception of the inner-city areas has the image of poverty and overcrowding which faces many cities across Britain today in whatever proportion. The first as such it the Economic which inner-city areas have long suffered due to lack of investment especially after the 1940's when a lot of money was put into New Towns. Many of the houses built were made from poor fabric and cheap materials which within time will make them liable to be damaged. This is the main problem arising from the issue of poor housing. Few Industries have built or for that matter expanded in an Inner-city location partly due to the environment, which surrounds it. Social Inequalities also play a part in British City the following characteristics are often present in many of them: Lack of basic amenities, many houses of which lack any sort of bathroom Overcrowding- large families may live in small houses, or families may live in poorly built high rise flats. On the whole we can say that there are high infant mortality and death rates Families have a low income Single parent families. There are also the environmental problem which affect these areas- The Inner-city areas may suffer from noise and air pollution caused by heavy traffic and the few remaining fac... ...o mortgage properties in the inner areas, and local plan authorities have become more flexible in their plan making. The public and private sectors are much more willing to improve enterprise zone and industrial improvement. New voluntary and community bases organisations have developed particularly concerned with environmental improvements and employment creation. The physical environment has been improved, with vacant land and buildings being put to new, and also the removal of some of the worst dereliction. However the economic point of view in the inner city has deteriorated, with more unemployment and the closure of many firms. However unemployment will probably remain high, especially among the poorly educated and disadvantaged, which will, especially in children, lead to further problems. The Inner-City Problems and Solving Them Essay -- Papers The Inner-City Problems and Solving Them There are many problems that can be clearly seen in the inner city. Problems such as crime, poor housing (perhaps slums), and unemployment are all apparent. However unemployment levels are gradually dropping. Lack of money gives rise to the problems so are often seen in the lower class areas of cities. On the whole the perception of the inner-city areas has the image of poverty and overcrowding which faces many cities across Britain today in whatever proportion. The first as such it the Economic which inner-city areas have long suffered due to lack of investment especially after the 1940's when a lot of money was put into New Towns. Many of the houses built were made from poor fabric and cheap materials which within time will make them liable to be damaged. This is the main problem arising from the issue of poor housing. Few Industries have built or for that matter expanded in an Inner-city location partly due to the environment, which surrounds it. Social Inequalities also play a part in British City the following characteristics are often present in many of them: Lack of basic amenities, many houses of which lack any sort of bathroom Overcrowding- large families may live in small houses, or families may live in poorly built high rise flats. On the whole we can say that there are high infant mortality and death rates Families have a low income Single parent families. There are also the environmental problem which affect these areas- The Inner-city areas may suffer from noise and air pollution caused by heavy traffic and the few remaining fac... ...o mortgage properties in the inner areas, and local plan authorities have become more flexible in their plan making. The public and private sectors are much more willing to improve enterprise zone and industrial improvement. New voluntary and community bases organisations have developed particularly concerned with environmental improvements and employment creation. The physical environment has been improved, with vacant land and buildings being put to new, and also the removal of some of the worst dereliction. However the economic point of view in the inner city has deteriorated, with more unemployment and the closure of many firms. However unemployment will probably remain high, especially among the poorly educated and disadvantaged, which will, especially in children, lead to further problems.

Pepsi Company †An Overview :: Business and Management Studies

Pepsi Company – An Overview OVERIVEW PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with revenues of about $25 billion and over 142,000 employees. The company consists of the snack businesses of Frito-Lay North America and Frito-Lay International; the beverage businesses of Pepsi-Cola North America, Gatorade/Tropicana North America and PepsiCo Beverages International; and Quaker Foods North America, manufacturer and marketer of ready-to-eat cereals and other food products. PepsiCo brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories. Many of PepsiCo's brand names are over 100-years-old, but the corporation is relatively young. PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with The Quaker Oats Company, including Gatorade, in 2001. PepsiCo’s success is the result of superior products, high standards of performance, distinctive competitive strategies and the high integrity of our people. Our mission is to be the world's premier consumer products company focused on convenience foods and beverages. We seek to produce healthy financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. SHAREHOLDERS PepsiCo (symbol: PEP) shares are traded principally on the New York Stock Exchange in the United States. The company is also listed on the Amsterdam, Chicago, Swiss and Tokyo stock exchanges. PepsiCo has consistently paid cash dividends since the corporation was founded. CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP PepsiCo believes that as a corporate citizen, it has a responsibility to contribute to the quality of life in our communities. This philosophy is put into action through support of social agencies, projects and programs. The scope of this support is extensive – ranging from sponsorship of local programs and support of employee volunteer activities, to contributions of time, talent and funds to programs of national impact. Each division is responsible for its own giving program. Corporate giving is focused on giving where PepsiCo employees volunteer. PEPSICO HEADQUARTERS PepsiCo World Headquarters is located in Purchase, New York, approximately 45 minutes from New York City. The seven building headquarters complex was designed by Edward Durrell Stone, one of America's foremost architects. The building occupies 10 acres of a 144-acre complex that includes the Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens, a world acclaimed sculpture collection in a garden setting. The collection of works is focused on major twentieth century art, and features works by masters such as Auguste Rodin, Henri Laurens, Henry Moore, Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Arnaldo Pomodoro and Claes Oldenberg. The gardens were originally designed by the world famous garden planner, Russell Page, and have been extended by Franà §ois Goffinet. The grounds are open to the public, and a visitor's Pepsi Company – An Overview :: Business and Management Studies Pepsi Company – An Overview OVERIVEW PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with revenues of about $25 billion and over 142,000 employees. The company consists of the snack businesses of Frito-Lay North America and Frito-Lay International; the beverage businesses of Pepsi-Cola North America, Gatorade/Tropicana North America and PepsiCo Beverages International; and Quaker Foods North America, manufacturer and marketer of ready-to-eat cereals and other food products. PepsiCo brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories. Many of PepsiCo's brand names are over 100-years-old, but the corporation is relatively young. PepsiCo was founded in 1965 through the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with The Quaker Oats Company, including Gatorade, in 2001. PepsiCo’s success is the result of superior products, high standards of performance, distinctive competitive strategies and the high integrity of our people. Our mission is to be the world's premier consumer products company focused on convenience foods and beverages. We seek to produce healthy financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. SHAREHOLDERS PepsiCo (symbol: PEP) shares are traded principally on the New York Stock Exchange in the United States. The company is also listed on the Amsterdam, Chicago, Swiss and Tokyo stock exchanges. PepsiCo has consistently paid cash dividends since the corporation was founded. CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP PepsiCo believes that as a corporate citizen, it has a responsibility to contribute to the quality of life in our communities. This philosophy is put into action through support of social agencies, projects and programs. The scope of this support is extensive – ranging from sponsorship of local programs and support of employee volunteer activities, to contributions of time, talent and funds to programs of national impact. Each division is responsible for its own giving program. Corporate giving is focused on giving where PepsiCo employees volunteer. PEPSICO HEADQUARTERS PepsiCo World Headquarters is located in Purchase, New York, approximately 45 minutes from New York City. The seven building headquarters complex was designed by Edward Durrell Stone, one of America's foremost architects. The building occupies 10 acres of a 144-acre complex that includes the Donald M. Kendall Sculpture Gardens, a world acclaimed sculpture collection in a garden setting. The collection of works is focused on major twentieth century art, and features works by masters such as Auguste Rodin, Henri Laurens, Henry Moore, Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Arnaldo Pomodoro and Claes Oldenberg. The gardens were originally designed by the world famous garden planner, Russell Page, and have been extended by Franà §ois Goffinet. The grounds are open to the public, and a visitor's

Conscription in WW1 Essay

Were Australians against the introduction of conscription during WW1?As the war was happening people back home in Australia were starting to realise that the war was not as much about bravery and pride as they originally thought because very few men were returning, but the government needed young healthy men because of the amount of men on the front line dying and they needed to be replaced. Australian men werent volunteering so in November 1917 prime minister, Billy Hughes wanted to introduce conscription to Australia and ask the people are you in favour of the proposal of the commonwealth government for reinstating the Australian imperial forces overseas? Conscription was like the lottery, you would be randomly chosen to go to war because of the day that you were born. Australians were given the opportunity to vote for or against conscription and campaigns were made to support each point of view. Two referendums were held, the first on the 28th of October 1916 and the second on the 10th of December 1917, both referendums were lost, the second showed 1181747 votes against and 1015159 votes for conscription. Two referendums were held because men kept dying on the front line and the government were getting desperate. Both referendums ended with majority no votes, the first with 72446 votes against and the second with 1181747 votes against. Women were the main target for pro and anti conscription campaigns because they were seen as weak fragile and sensitive. Propaganda was largely aimed at women to intimidate women and target their emotions, either to make them feel like they were sending their husbands and sons to die or that it was their duty to send them to fight for their country. It was a hard decision deciding whether or not to vote for conscription. Some people thought they should vote yes because of pride and defending and protecting their country and coming back as a war hero and also because of loyalty to Britain because they were still part of their empire, voting yes or no also targeted Christian women because killing is a serious sin. Songs and posters were made to persuade Australia to vote yes or no. People were told that if you vote yes it is your fault they die but also that if you vote yes the country wont be taken over and that you could save Australia  from the enemy. A white feather was sent to the people who voted no to represent and parade that they are cowards and to embarrass them publicly. Conscription broke people apart and divided the country, it destroyed friendships and families because there is either yes or no and no in between. The way you voted reflected your character and the way you were thought of. Anti conscription appealed to woman and made them feel like killers but pro conscription also appealed to women making them feel like they were sacrificing men for the good of the country. Conscription divided Australia and turned their worlds upside down. People didnt want to be forced to go to war or force someone to go to war because they realised how bad it was. Australians voted no because they wanted freedom of choice and not to be conscripted as if it was just a game. bibliography:-shannon mckinnon ww1- class sheets

He Garfunkeled Your Mother: a Psychoanalytic Reading of the Graduate

He Garfunkeled Your Mother: A Psychoanalytic Reading of The Graduate The 1967 film, The Graduate, staring Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft contains a plethora of human idiosyncrasies that would be of the utmost interest to the psychoanalytic minds of both Freud and Lacan. For this reading, I will focus on the theories of both Freud and Lacan in accordance with textual evidence to prove that Benjamin Braddock never achieves happiness in the end of the film, but has only just prolonged his quest to fight a miserable human existence.The most glaring and obvious reading of this film focuses around the character of Mrs. Robinson. An obvious Oedipal Complex emerges as Ben and Mrs. Robinson begin an affair. As an older woman, who Ben never calls by her first name, Mrs. Robinson becomes a replacement mother for Ben. Ben’s jealousy for his father emerges as Ben begins to understand his father is not worried about his own future, though Ben himself is extremely unsure about what the fut ure holds for his life. In fact, Ben’s father has built a distinctly upper class and well kept home for Ben and his mother.Ben subconsciously senses that his father holds all the power within the family dynamic as the sole breadwinner for the household. Understanding this unstated father-son rivalry, it is predictable through a Freudian interpretation that Ben would ultimately have sex with Mrs. Robinson, the wife of his father’s business partner. By doing, Ben can displace his Oedipal desires of wooing his mother to distract from his father’s power and wealth without actually committing incest, and therefore displace his father from a position of power.The focus on mother imagery does not stop there. Ben is often depicted in water in the form of his swimming pool, or staring into the water of his fish tank. Tyson tells us that the imagery of â€Å"dreams that involve water, especially immersion in water, might also be about our relationships with our mothersâ €  (Tyson 21). This explains why filmmakers chose to emerge Ben, in his phallic looking scuba suit, into his swimming pool. This symbolizes Ben’s emersion into the depths of his Oedipal Complex.At one point his parents push his head back under the water, thus illustrating that they are the ones who subconsciously pushing Ben into a state of dependence upon them. Though this backfires as he displaces the need for a mother or parental figure into his relationship with Mrs. Robinson. In this same scene one could conclude that this setting emphasizes Ben’s submersion into a conflict of the id, ego, and superego. Under the water, where there is no language or sound, like the Laconian Imaginary, Ben has to battle with his id, the pleasures he receives from sex with Mrs.Robinson, and his ego, deciding upon the rationality of his decisions. Once he emerges from the water and enters into the Symbolic, he is then again subject to the superego where he must decide if what he i s doing with Mrs. Robinson is right or wrong (Tyson 25). Ultimately, Ben continually chooses to avoid the situation and confrontation entirely and emerge himself and his thoughts in his pool or fish tank in order to repress any further emotional agitation (Tyson 15). The Freudian concept of fetishes is also highlighted throughout the film to serve as a constant reminder and protection to Ben.In the infamous scene between Ben and Mrs. Robinson in the Robinson’s living room, Mrs. Robinson has conveniently placed her legs up on the bar stool next to her. Her legs are spread just enough to seem inviting but not enough to reveal the fact that she has been â€Å"castrated† to Ben. There is even a series of dialogue that occurs as Mrs. Robinson sexily removes her stockings. What is most important about this scene, though, is that the line â€Å"Mrs. Robinson, are you trying to seduce me? † is delivered by Ben as the camera focuses on him through a frame made by Mrs.Rob inson’s leg, arched and positioned on a stool. By choosing to frame the most famous line from the movie this way filmmakers can ensure that Ben is still seen by viewers as innocent, protected from shame, and therefore likable, as he has not been subjected to the fact that Mrs. Robinson does not have a penis. Freud also suggests that the fetish is important because â€Å"it also saves the fetishist from becoming a homosexual, by endowing women with the characteristic which makes them tolerable sexual objects† (Freud 843).Benjamin can retain his absolute heterosexuality in the eyes of the viewer even though he is explicitly stating he does not want to have sex with this woman. His attention and focus on her legs informs the reader that he is still interested in her as a sexual being. Soon, though, this view of Ben as innocent is then shattered, as Mrs. Robinson appears to Ben in the next scene as completely nude. After seeing the naked female body, Benjamin is fully awar e that Mrs. Robinson has been castrated. He interjects, â€Å"Oh God,† â€Å"Let me out,† and â€Å"Jesus Christ,† in fear of what his has seen.The playful focus on Mrs. Robinson’s legs is gone and what remains serves as the glaring realization that Ben could be â€Å"castrated† by losing favor or power in his community if anyone found out that he had seen Mrs. Robinson naked. Benjamin eventually uses the premise of castration and phallus as power in an attempt manipulate Mrs. Robinson after their affair has been going on for some time. After deciding he has had enough meaningless sex, Ben asks Mrs. Robinson about her family including her daughter Elaine. Mrs.Robinson insinuates that Ben is not good enough for her daughter and then refuses to answer why he is not deemed good enough for Elaine. Ben then rips the sheet away from Mrs. Robinson’s naked body to reveal that he is still the only one in the room with a phallus and therefore should h old the power, as a way to force her to answer his question. Quickly, Mrs. Robinson covers her body to reclaim power within the situation. The scene escalates to Mrs. Robinson putting on her stockings again, playing Ben’s focus to her legs once more. Ben easily succumbs to her wiles giving back the power of an imaginary phallus to the older woman.This scene exemplifies Freud’s theory of castration anxiety, as the power in the room is switched back and forth between the person, male or female, who seems to be in possession of the phallus. Another possible, though more complicated, reading of the film emerges in a Lacanian analysis. Unlike Freud, who would argue that having a phallus is of the utmost importance, Lacan complicates the idea of power by questioning if it’s more important to have the Phallus or to be the Phallus. Mrs. Robinson perfectly highlights how important it is for women to be the Phallus. Mrs.Robinson wants to be desired by Ben, which is why sh e becomes so angry at the fact Ben takes her daughter on a date. Mrs. Robinson sees her own daughter’s youth and beauty as a threat to Ben’s attraction and affection. This younger woman is a roadblock to Mrs. Robinson being â€Å"the desire of the other† as Ben now wants someone young and single who poses an option of marriage that Mrs. Robinson does and can not (Palmer 1). In contrast, Ben does not desire to be the Phallus. Instead, he’s chasing pavements, in a sense, as his true desire, or ultimate Phallus, is being able to predict his own future.Though at one time he desired to be with Mrs. Robinson, his sense of desire changes as he realizes Mrs. Robinson cannot give him what he wants the way that Elaine can. Only Elaine, with her youth and ability to marry can be the only one who truly cannot give him what he wants, insight into his future which includes the possibility of a wife and children. Under this Lacanian analysis, it is almost impossible to distinguish whether it is more important to have the Phallus or to be the Phallus as both characters are left as equally unhappy. Mrs.Robinson is left feeling undesired as Benjamin literally fights tooth and nail to be with Elaine, and Benjamin is left still unknowing what the future holds for him. The film ends with Ben and Elaine running away from Elaine’s wedding to hop on a bus, take one last glance at what they left behind, and sit facing their future, starting blankly. A conventional reading of this film might conclude that the film has a â€Å"happy ending† since Benjamin ultimately ended up with the girl he had been chasing throughout the movie and therefore should be happy with achieving his goal. Freud and Lacan would both vehemently disagree with this reading.Freud would infer that since Ben continued to repress his feelings and act out his Oedipal Complex he has an obvious perversion that could only be solved or aided with deep and prolonged psychotherapy. Likewise, Lacan would conclude that Benjamin’s continuous pursuit of the Phallus is ultimately futile. Since Ben can never fully predict or understand his future, even when a life with Elaine is imminent, he will never be fulfilled or validated, as he will still have desires he can never realize. Only now, he has the added obligation of carrying Elaine along with him on his never-ending hunt for fulfillment.Works Cited The Graduate. Dir. Mike Nichols. Perf. Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft. Embassy Pictures, 1967. DVD. Leitch, Vincent B. â€Å"Fetishism. † The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2010. 841-45. Print. Palmer, Donald D. â€Å"The Real, the Imaginary, and the Symbolic. † Structuralism and Poststructuralism for Beginners. New York, NY: Writers and Readers, 1997. N. pag. Print. Tyson, Lois. â€Å"Psychoanalytic Criticism. † Critical Theory Today: A User-friendly Guide. New York: Routledge, 2006. 11-52. Print.

Good Manners & Decorum Essay

The phrase â€Å"good manners† encompasses many things. It includes: -gentleness, modesty, and dignity -it neatness and correctness of dress in the home and in society -it is saying the right word at the proper time and proper place -it includes several form and kindness like hospitality and tolerance Decorum is propriety and good taste in speech, dress, etc. Manner in the Family The Filipino family is a close-knit. However, even through the family maybe close-knit, each member is entitled to his full share of privacy. 1. Parents violate their children’s privacy by opening letter addressed their children. Young people also violate their parent’s privacy when they rummage through personal belongings in search of shoes, jewelry, neckties, cuff links, or other articles they wish to use. 2. Every member of the family should have the privilege of entertaining his or her friends with a minimum of interference from the nest of the family unless the occasion is a family affair. 3. Knock and wait for an answer or for a door to be opened before entering. 4. Reply courteously to your parents or to older members. 5. Use the magic words â€Å"excuse me†, â€Å"sorry† and â€Å"please† as the need arises. 6. Never open your parents’ drawers or bags without permission. 7. Never use others’ personal belongings, for the sake of personal hygiene. 8. Het your parents or at least a family know when you have to leave. 9. Avoid interrupting a conversation. 10. Never shout when something’s discussed. 11. When you get up from the bed, leave it order. Table Manners Good manners are a mark of a well-bred person. Good manners at the table differentiate a civilized person from an uncivilized. General Rules that govern acceptable conduct at the table 1. Everyone should come to the table properly groomed. 2. Come to the table promptly when called. 3. It is discourteous to make others wait for you and a sign of lack of consideration for the person who prepared the meals. 4. Wait for others instead of rushing to the table ahead of them. When there are older or more important persons, permit them to precede you to the table. 5. When you are in the party (if you are a man) you help or assist the lady by pulling out her chair for her to sit. 6. If grace is to be said, sit or stand quietly while is being done. 7. As soon as you are seated, keep your hands on your lap and your elbows close to your sides so as to not interfere with someone next to you. 8. Put your napkin on your lap. At the end of the meal, lay napkin at the left side of the table setting. 9. Do not blow your soup to cool it. Wait until cool enough to eat. 10. Be observant of the needs of others. See the food passed to them. Do not serve yourself first unless the hostess asks you to do so. 11. Sip soup quietly and at the side of your spoon. Do not gulp it, since this is repulsive. 12. Keep your share in conversation but avoid talking about unpleasant or objectionable topics. (ex: illness, operation, etc.) 13. Never reach or grab for food. Request pleasantly what you want. 14. Manage you r silver inconspicuously and learn the rules for its correct usage. 15. After using the desert spoon leave it on the open plate or lay it on the service plate. MODESTY- a moderation in taste, in movement and in words. One who has these traits is considered a decent person. Young girls should know that decent girls are what decent men are looking for especially when it comes to choosing a lifetime partner. A modest person practices the following: * Wears simple and appropriate clothes at all occasions * Wears jewelry and other accessories properly. * Avoid the use of excessive make-up. * Avoid giggling and laughing boisterously in public. A man turned off when the partner notices a girl behaving in such a manner. * Speak well in a well modulated voice * Refrain from boasting or bragging of her influential, relatives, friends and acquaintances. * Does not use foul words in group conversations. * Avoids certain places of enjoyment and entertainment, especially where men drink freely, because they are hunting grounds of the devil. * Do not accept expensive things from a man because that is a bait to make her swallow the hook. * Does not comb her hair nor cut/file her nails in public. On taking a Public or Private Vehicle Whether at home, school, street or in the community, it is a person’s obligation to observe discipline for the sake of peace and harmony. 1. When riding a jeep, wait for it at the PUJ loading and unloading shed. 2. When a PUJ stops, let the passengers come down first before you get in to the jeepney. 3. Pay your fare before getting off. 4. It always more polite for a gentleman to seat lady on his right. However, the male should always be at the danger side. 5. A lady is assisted by her male companion in getting into a car, a taxi or a bus. He is allowed to put his hand under her elbow while assisting her. 6. In getting off a vehicle, the gentleman alights first and offers her his hand. 7. In her own car, a lady always sits at the right hand side of the rear seat of a car that is driven by a chauffeur. 8. In the car or taxi, a lady sits at the edge of the seat, resting her hand on the door handle or window with knees bent.

Ben and Jerry’s Case Study

This case study comes from the second edition of Business Strategy: an introduction published in 2001. It is very readable and interesting, providing students with insights into how two entrepreneurs who set up an ice cream shop in a renovated petrol station became the names behind one of the most well-known ice cream brands around the globe. Students will find out how Ben and Jerry tackled the almighty (at the time) Pillsbury and Hà ¤agen-Dazs, how they developed a brand to distinguish them from competitors which included a focus on people and giving back to society, and how they successfully used PR to come up trumps in the ‘ice cream war’.At the end of the case study you will find a series of questions for students to get them thinking critically about Ben & Jerry’s strategy from its humble beginnings to where it is now. The case also provides the opportunity for students to conduct research into the current state of play. They could find out how Ben & Jerryâ €™s have further developed their brand and product offerings (they now have ice cream counters in cinemas, they offer a full selection of Fair Trade ice creams, etc. ) and what competition they now face, if any.Students will find it helpful to read chapter 20 on social responsibililty and business ethics. They could also use this longer case study as a springboard for their work on the Strategic Planning Software (SPS), to which they have free access with purchase of the textbook. The beginning Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield became friends at school in the late 1960s in Burlington, Vermont in the North Eastern United States. Their reputation as the two ‘odd' eccentrics at school led them to form a strong friendship that would last for many decades.When they left school, both Ben and Jerry became ‘hippies' – social drop-outs who lived an alternative and unconventional lifestyle. They both grew their hair and a beard and together with their dog, Malcolm, they mo ved in together as flatmates. One of the interests they shared was in food and as they discussed various ways of making a living, they concluded that the two most exciting areas of fast food at the time were bagels and ice cream. Having established that the equipment needed to bake bagels would cost $40,000, the two men enrolled on an ice cream making correspondence course for the cost of $5 each.In 1978, having developed some basic ice cream recipes, Ben and Jerry set up a shop in a renovated petrol station in Burlington with a capital investment of $12,000 ($4,000 of which was borrowed). From the outset, Ben and Jerry wanted to produce a premium product and the fact that it was made from ‘fresh Vermont milk and cream' was stressed. The outlet was called ‘Ben & Jerry's Homemade ice cream' and to give the shop a unique and welcoming character, they employed a piano player to play blues in the background. Initially, the shop was a success amongst Burlington locals, many o f whom had known the men when they were growing up.The staff that Ben and Jerry employed were encouraged to take the same ‘hippiesh' view of business activity as the owners (‘every day was a party'), but the major competitive advantage arose from the uniqueness of the product. Whereas the majority of ice cream products were traditionally-flavoured, Ben and Jerry introduced unusual flavours with ‘chunks' to make the textures more interesting, such as fruit, chocolate, nuts, toffee and similar sweets. ‘Chunky' ice cream became the prominent feature of the new organisation's image. During the summer of 1978, customer numbers grew as the reputation of the shop and the ice cream grew.It was when the winter set in at the end of the year that the troubles began. Over the counter ice cream sales dried up and Ben and Jerry realised they would have to find other outlets for their products if they were to avoid bankruptcy. They persuaded a number of local grocers in Ver mont to stock the product in one pint tubs, but it soon transpired that a broader customer base would be needed. Having approached a number of national supermarket chains, Ben Cohen learned that the size of the business, not to mention his appearance and attitude to business, made the buyers reluctant to take stock from him.He was advised that he ought to seek to sell the ice cream to large independent ice cream distributors in neighbouring states who would then sell the product on to the major retail multiples. It was then that Ben and Jerry encountered a problem. The Pillsbury confrontation Ben approached the Dari-Farms corporation with a view to have it distribute Ben & Jerry's ice cream throughout the New England states. Dennis Silva, the company vice-president, agreed to take some Ben & Jerry's stock despite Ben's unconventional approach to business.In order to increase distribution further, Ben also approached Paul's Distributors where its chairman, Chuck Green, also agreed to act as a Ben & Jerry distributor. The market leader in the super-premium ice cream segment at the time was Hà ¤agen Dazs, which was then owned by the large US based Pillsbury Corporation. Pillsbury turned over $4 billion a year and had extensive food interests in addition to Hà ¤agen-Dazs including Green Giant (vegetables) and Burger King, the fast food outlet. Kevin Hurley, president of the Hà ¤agen Dazs subsidiary of Pillsbury, was the son-in-law of the company's founder, Reuben Matthus.Matthus had started Hà ¤agen-Dazs in 1959 in New York. He came up with the Danish-sounding name in the belief that it conjured up a feeling in the consumer of an exotic European brand. By 1984 when the confrontation with Ben & Jerry's took place, Hà ¤agen-Dazs held a 70% share of the super-premium ice cream market. When Hurley discovered that both Dari-Farms and Paul's were distributing Ben & Jerry's as well as Hà ¤agen-Dazs, he rang both Dennis Silva and Chuck Green. Although Ben & Jerry's still had only a tiny share of the market compared to Hà ¤agen-Dazs, Hurley was determined that the distributors he used were not going to help a competitor.â€Å"We didn't say to the distributor ‘You can't carry Ben & Jerry's. We asked them to make a choice'† said Hurley. â€Å"We just told them [Silva and Green] that they couldn't sell Ben & Jerry's and Hà ¤agen-Dazs. † This ‘it's us or them' ultimatum took the two distributors by surprise and it presented a distressing dilemma. â€Å"We were just stunned at this comment coming from Hà ¤agen-Dazs, this huge company where we were selling trailer loads of ice cream, versus this minuscule amount of Ben & Jerry's we were selling† said Chuck Green of Paul's Distribution. â€Å"They had drawn this line in the sand saying that we had to make a decision.†When Ben and Jerry heard of Hurley's threat, they arranged a meeting with the distributors to discuss the situation. In view of the potential of Ben & Jerry's, neither distributor wanted to stop taking their products, but at the same time, the thought of having Hà ¤agen-Dazs withdraw their supply could prove very damaging indeed. The three parties agreed that they would need legal representation if they were to take on the might of Pillsbury and they chose Howie Fuguet, a business lawyer who had spent his professional life defending large organisations. Like Ben and Jerry, Howie was an eccentric.He was said to have cared little for his appearance and had holes in his shoes. He agreed that Pillsbury had behaved in a curious way and sent off a letter to them setting out the nature of Ben & Jerry's grievance. Protesting that Hurley had acted unfairly, Howie wrote to the Board of Pillsbury. â€Å"It would be wishful thinking on the part of your subsidiary's officers [Hà ¤agen-Dazs] to imagine that it can bully Ben & Jerry's, stifle its growth and cause it to roll over† wrote Howie. â€Å"Ben & Jerry's represents a cla ssic entrepreneurial success story and its owners are aggressive.Hà ¤agen-Dazs will have to learn to compete on their merits in the market place. That is the American way and that is what competition is all about. † Notwithstanding the apparent ‘correctness' of Ben & Jerry's case, the legal odds were clearly stacked against them. If they couldn't beat the ‘bullying' Hà ¤agen-Dazs through normal legal channels, then another weapon would be needed. The ‘dough boy' campaign The key move was to make Pillsbury the target of the campaign and not Hà ¤agen-Dazs; Pillsbury was bigger and had more to lose. Since the mid 1960s, the symbol of Pillsbury was the Pillsbury ‘dough boy'.The dough boy was used by Pillsbury in its advertising and other corporate communications and was a valuable symbol of the company's identity. So as to avoid the appearance of an ‘ice cream war’ between two competitors, Howie proposed that they attacked the Pillsbury comp any by specifically targeting the dough boy. Accordingly, the What's the dough boy afraid of? campaign was launched, intentionally designed to appear as a ‘David versus Goliath' conflict where a small company (Ben & Jerry's) had been unfairly treated by a large ‘bully' in the shape of Pillsbury.â€Å"We didn't really know a thing about PR. We were just trying to survive† said Ben Cohen. â€Å"If we were going to go down, we wanted to let as many people as we could know what was going on. [We wanted to say that] the reason why you can't find Ben and Jerry's on the shelf is because this big corporation [Pillsbury] is trying to prevent you, the consumer, from having a choice about what kind of ice cream you want to buy. † The campaign included T-shirts, bumper stickers, bill posters and other media which all bore the statement â€Å"What's the dough boy afraid of? â€Å".Jerry launched a one-man campaign outside the Pillsbury headquarters in Minneapolis, Min nesota and it wasn't long before the local television news programmes started carrying the story on a regular basis. This made the public sympathise with Ben & Jerry's, but also provided a lot of free publicity for the company and its products. From its 17-strong legal department, Pillsbury assigned Richard Wegener to ‘get rid of' the ‘Ben & Jerry problem'. Wegener quickly realised the size of the task facing Pillsbury. â€Å"The publicity became bigger than the dispute itself† said Wegener.The reputation of Pillsbury was at stake and Wegener sought to bring a rapid end to the controversy. Realising that the campaign had grabbed the public's attention and the sympathies were predominantly with Ben & Jerry's, Wegener advised Hurley to back down. Kevin Hurley was persuaded to sign an out-of-court settlement agreeing not to coerce any distributors. The campaign was over and Ben & Jerry's had won. The controversy not only ensured the defeat of Pillsbury, it also acted unwittingly as an enormous amount of publicity for the Ben & Jerry's brand.After the victory The success of Ben & Jerry's after the Pillsbury confrontation was marked. The distribution channels were widened still further until Ben & Jerry's ice cream was supplied through supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience stores, and food service operations, as well as through licensed ‘scoop shops’ (shops selling just their ice cream), franchised scoop shops, and company-owned scoop shops. By 1992, the company's turnover exceeded $130 million and it was on the verge of international development into the United Kingdom.In the super-premium ice cream sector, a number of new and distinctive product flavours were launched including ‘Milk chocolate ice cream and white fudge cows swirled with white chocolate ice cream and dark fudge cows,' ‘Chocolate comfort low fat ice cream,' ‘Mocha latte' and ‘Triple caramel chunk ice cream. ‘ In addition, non-ice cre am frozen desserts were introduced including a range of ice cream ‘novelties', frozen yoghurts and sorbets such as ‘Chunky Monkey frozen yoghurt – banana frozen yoghurt with fudge flakes and walnuts.'The Ben & Jerry's name and the company's reputation for quality meant that the new products became quickly adopted by the market. The personality of the founders helped to frame the company's culture and its mission. Two important statements were released which described the company's approach to its business. In 1988, the company stated that â€Å"We are dedicated to the creation and demonstration of a new corporate concept of linked prosperity. † This was articulated via its Philanthropy Statement and its Mission Statement.Ben & Jerry's Philanthropy Ben & Jerry's gives away 7. 5 percent of its pre-tax earnings in three ways: the Ben & Jerry's Foundation; employee Community action Teams at five Vermont sites; and through corporate grants made by the Director o f Social Mission Development. We support projects which are models for social change – projects which exhibit creative problem solving and hopefulness. The Foundation is managed by a nine member employee board and considers proposals relating to children and families, disadvantaged groups, and the environment.Mission Statement – Ben & Jerry's Ben & Jerry's is dedicated to the creation & demonstration of a new corporate concept of linked prosperity. Our mission consists of three interrelated parts: wTo make, distribute and sell the finest quality all-natural ice cream and related products in a wide variety of innovative flavors made from Vermont dairy products. wTo operate the Company on a sound financial basis of profitable growth, increasing value for our shareholders, and creating career opportunities and financial rewards for our employees.wTo operate the Company in a way that actively recognizes the central role that business plays in the structure of society by in itiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life of a broad community – local, national, and international. Underlying the mission of Ben & Jerry's is the determination to seek new and creative ways of addressing all three parts, while holding a deep respect for the individuals, inside & outside the company, and for the communities of which they are a part. Questions for students: 1.Identify the stakeholders that Ben & Jerry’s and Hà ¤agen-Dazs had in common at the time of the controversy. 2. Which of Donaldson and Preston’s view of stakeholders did Hà ¤agen-Dazs have at the time of the confrontation? Provide evidence from the case in your answer. 3. Which of Donaldson and Preston’s view of stakeholders did Ben & Jerry’s have in the case? Provide evidence from the case in your answer. 4. Comment upon the ethical behaviour of the two ‘sides’ of the Pillsbury dough boy campaign. Which side, if either, was right?